![]() Human development was the most effective (belated) response to economist Dudley Seers’ cry to ‘dethrone’ GNP. It came out of a long sequence of proposals reacting to the social ills resulting from this emphasis, which included high levels of poverty, deficient education and health services, high inequality and unemployment. The approach developed as a response to the almost exclusive emphasis development policymakers had given to economic growth and stabilization. As an overarching objective, the approach gained prominence with the publication of UNDP’s first Human Development Report in 1990. Economic growth is a means towards this end, not an end in itself. The Human Development approach insists that the fundamental aim of development policy should be to expand the opportunities that people have to lead meaningful lives. ![]() Additional choices include political freedom, guaranteed human rights and self-respect' (HDRO 1990). ![]() The most critical ones are to lead a long and healthy life, to be educated and to enjoy a decent standard of living. ![]() 'Human development is a process of enlarging people’s choices. ![]() Frances Stewart is Professor Emeritus of Development Economics at the University of Oxford and Emma Samman is a Research Associate at the Overseas Development Institute ![]()
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